AP Human Geography Unit 7: Industrialization and Development

AP Human Geography Unit 7: Industrialization and Development

AP Human Geography Unit 7 focuses on industrialization and economic development patterns and processes. This unit explores the historical context of the Industrial Revolution, its impact on global trade, and the emergence of various economic sectors. Key themes include the measures of development, variations in economic growth, and the role of women in economic development. The content is essential for AP Human Geography students preparing for the exam, providing insights into the changing global economy and sustainability practices.

Key Points

  • Covers the historical context of the Industrial Revolution and its global impact.
  • Explains the measures of economic development and variations across countries.
  • Discusses the role of women in economic development and gender parity.
  • Analyzes the effects of industrialization on urbanization and social class changes.
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  • Aliusa
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UNIT7
•+
+ Industrialization and
Economic Development
Patterris and Processes
Chapter
18
Industrialization
and
Economic Development
Chapter
19
Development
and
Trade
Chapter
20
Changing Global Economy
and
Sustainability
Unit Overview
Great Britain was the hearth
of
the
18
th
century Industrial Revolution.
As
people learned to use water power and coal energy to manufacture goods, they
increased their agricultural productivity, population, and wealth.
In
the last
two centuries, industrialization has diffused throughout the world.
Measures
of
Development
Since the start
of
the Industrial Revolution, people have developed statistical
measures to describe changes
in
society. Some measure the total output
of
each country, the distribution
of
income, rates
of
childbirth, the percentage
of
people who can read, and the different opportunities available to males and
females. Scholars use this information to create models
or
theories
of
spatial
patterns
of
economic
and
social development
in
countries around the world.
Variations in Development
and
World Economy
The diffusion
of
industrialization generally increased trade and inter-
dependence, which improved the standard
of
living for most people. However,
many people lost their jobs, either because
of
the greater use
of
machines
or
the movement
of
work from one place to another.
As
people
in
some countries
specialized
in
particular types
of
work,
an
international division
of
labor
emerged. Industrialization also damaged the environment motivating many
people to push for
mor
e sustainable
pra
ctices.
ENDURING UNDERSTANDINGS
SPS-7:
Industrialization, past and present, has facilitated improvements in standards
of
living, but
it
has also contributed to geographically uneven development.
PS0
-7
: Economic and social developme
nt
happen at differe
nt
times and rates in
different places.
IMP-
7:
Environmental problems stemming from industrialization may be remedied
through
su
stainable developme
nt
strategies.
Source:
AP
" Human Geograp
hy
Course
and
Ex
am
Description. E
ffect
ive Fall 2020. (College Board).
UNIT
7: INDUSTRIALIZATION
AND
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PATTERNS
AND
PROC
ES
S
ES
445
•
CHAPTER18
Industrialization and
Economic Development
Topics
7.1-7.4
Topic
7.1
The Industrial Revolution
Learning Objective: Explain how the Industrial Revolution facilitated the growth
and diffusion
of
industrialization. (SPS-7.A)
Topic
7.2
Economic Sectors and Patterns
Learning Objective: Explain the spatial patterns
of
industrial production and
development.
(SPS-7.B)
Topic
7.3
Measures of Development
Learning Objective: Describe social and economic measures
of
development.
(SPS-7.C)
Topic
7.4
Women and Economic Development
Learning Objective: Explain how and
to
what extent changes in economic de-
velopment have contributed
to
gender parity. (SPS-
7.D)
A nation's
growth
depends, among other
fa
ctors, on whether
and
how
it
educates
and
integrates its talent. Women make up
half
of
the potential workforce available in any economy,
and
the
eff
icient
use
of
thi
s talent
pool
is an important
fa
ctor for growth,
prosperi
ty
and
competitiveness.
- World Economic Foru
m,
"Gender Parit
y;'
20
16
Source: Wiki
me
d
ia
Commons
Conta
iner
s can be l
oa
ded from
tru
cks or trains a
nd
stacked onto large ships via
th
e cranes shown
in the
im
ages.
Co
ntainers have reduced break-of-bulk costs dramatica
ll
y.
(See Topic 7.2 for more
on containerization.)
446
CHAPTER
18
:
INDU
STRIALIZATION
AND
EC
ONOMI
C DEVELOPMENT
■
I .
7.1
The Industrial Revolution
Essential
Question:
How
did the Industrial Revolution facilitate the
growth and diffusion
of
industrialization?
Economic
activity and development have brought dramatic changes to the
world. Industry, the process
of
using machines and large-scale processes to
convert raw materials into manufactured goods, has stimulated social, political,
demographic, and economic changes
in
societies at all scales. Industry requires
raw materials, the basic substances such
as
minerals and crops needed to
manufacture finished goods.
Growth and Diffusion of Industrialization
Before the
18
th
century, people made for themselves most clothes, tools, and
other items they used. They bought only a
few
items, often textiles
or
metal
goods,
in
a market, a place where products are sold. What they did buy
was
usually made by other families working in their own homes who had a contract
to make products for a merchant. These small home-based businesses that made
goods are called cottage industries. These industries depended
on
intensive
human labor since people used simple spinning wheels, looms, and other tools.
Starting
in
the 18
th
century, a series
of
technological advances known
as
the Industrial Revolution resulted in more complex machinery driven by
water
or
steam power
that
could make products faster and at lower costs than
could cottage industries. Because the new machinery was so large and required
so much investment money,
or
capital, manufacturing shifted from homes to
factories. The replacement
of
labor-intensive cottage industry with capital-
intensive factory production reshaped not only how people worked, but where
they lived and how they related to each other spatially.
CHANGES
IN
MANUFACTURING DUE TO THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Characteristic Cottage Industry Factory Manufacturing
Scale of Production Small Large
Size of Labor Force One family Dozens
to
thousands
Method of Production Human labor Machines
Typical Building House or small workshop Factory
Capital Investment Low Large
Speed of Production Slow Fast
Efficiency Low High
Market
Local Local and global
7.1:
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
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End of Document
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Faqs of AP Human Geography Unit 7: Industrialization and Development
What are the key stages of economic growth according to Rostow?
Rostow's model outlines five stages of economic growth: Traditional Society, Preconditions for Take-Off, Take-Off, Drive to Maturity, and High Mass Consumption. Each stage represents a different level of economic development, starting from a primarily agrarian society to one characterized by mass consumption and advanced industrialization. The model emphasizes the importance of infrastructure and investment in moving from one stage to the next.
How does Wallerstein's World Systems Theory explain global economic disparities?
Wallerstein's World Systems Theory categorizes countries into core, semiperiphery, and periphery based on their economic roles and relationships. Core countries are economically advantaged, often exploiting resources from periphery countries, which are less developed and rely on primary sector activities. Semiperiphery countries serve as a buffer, providing manufactured goods to core countries while also experiencing some level of development. This theory highlights the interconnectedness of global economies and the dependency that perpetuates inequality.
What are the environmental impacts of industrialization discussed in Unit 7?
The environmental impacts of industrialization include pollution, resource depletion, and climate change. Industrial activities have led to significant air and water pollution, affecting public health and ecosystems. Additionally, the overuse of natural resources has resulted in unsustainable practices, prompting a need for sustainable development strategies. The unit emphasizes the importance of balancing economic growth with environmental protection to ensure a viable future.
What role do export processing zones (EPZs) play in global trade?
Export processing zones (EPZs) are designated areas that attract foreign investment by offering tax incentives and fewer regulations. They facilitate the manufacturing of goods for export, providing jobs and economic opportunities in developing countries. EPZs often employ a significant number of women, contributing to gender equality in the workforce. However, they can also lead to concerns about labor rights and environmental standards.
How has globalization affected labor markets in core and periphery countries?
Globalization has led to a shift in labor markets, with many manufacturing jobs moving from core countries to periphery countries where labor is cheaper. This has resulted in job losses in core countries but has also created new employment opportunities in developing nations. The new international division of labor reflects these changes, with core countries focusing on high-skill, high-wage jobs while periphery countries often engage in low-skill, low-wage labor.